More than half the Arctic's coastline is Russian territory and in the last six years Moscow has built more than 475 military ...

Things in the Arctic have never been hotter. In the past year, Russian nuclear submarines have practiced firing cruise ...

The topography of the world is ever changing. As rivers cut through mountains and seas batter shorelines, the shapes and ...

Maps matter because the shape and geology ... Lomonosov Ridge—the undersea mountain range that bisects the Arctic Ocean, Russia's declared stepladder to the North Pole in a 2001 claim—is ...

This creates a feedback loop as the darker ocean water absorbs more ... With 53% of the Arctic coastline under its control, Russia has the largest presence in the region in terms of civilian ...

For Russia, for obvious reasons of geography, the Arctic and Arctic Ocean region is of tremendous significance. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Russia has invested considerable sums in ...